英语翻译After generations of experimentation with buildings of l

英语翻译
After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest,most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture).Roman architecture,borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia,produced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western world.Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes,as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d cent.A.D.; see under pantheon).
The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era
The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica halls.Neither Greek,Chinese,nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of construction.However,in the Asian division of the Roman Empire,vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive,used brilliantly in the 6th cent.for the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong,simple,massive forms and vaults executed in cut stone.In Lombard Romanesque (11th cent.) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support them.The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress),here appearing in embryo,became the vitalizing aim of the medieval builders.In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form,as in the Amiens and Chartres cathedrals.
The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th cent.) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture during which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge,while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions appeared.The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations,and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these effects.The complex,highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural aesthetic.The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture).The first half of the 19th cent.was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic revival.

经过几代人的实验与有限的各种建筑物的希腊人给的简单桩门楣系统最纯净,最完美的表达这是实现（见神庙;订单架构） .古罗马建筑,借款,结合栏希腊和拱门亚洲,产生了各种各样的纪念性建筑在整个西方世界.他们的重大发明的具体启用帝国建设者利用成功的墓穴建造的W亚洲和覆盖广阔的完整楼空间巨大拱顶和穹顶,在重建先贤祠（二维的.广告;见先贤祠） .
风格的演变中的基督时代
罗马和早期基督教还使用了木桁架的跨度屋面广泛的教堂大厅.无论是希腊,中国,日本建筑,也使用了跳马制度建设.然而,在亚洲司的罗马帝国,跳马发展继续;拜占庭建筑师尝试新的原则和发展了pendentive ,用出色的第6次以上.教会的圣索菲亚君士坦丁堡.
古罗马建筑的早期中世纪值得注意的是强有力的,简单的,大规模的形式和墓穴执行削减石头.在伦巴德罗马（第11次左右.）拜占庭浓度跳马重点是提高设备的肋骨和码头,以支持他们.这个想法的一个有机的支持和支撑骨架的砖石（见支撑） ,在这里出现的胚胎,成为振兴目标的中世纪建筑.在13世纪的哥特式建筑出现了完善它的形式,如在亚眠和沙特尔大教堂.
文艺复兴时期诞生的架构（第15次左右.）成立的时期数百年的西方建筑在此期间,多重的和复杂的建筑物现代世界开始出现,同时没有任何新的和令人信服的结构概念出现.饰品的形式和古代罗马人一次又一次复苏和被命令到无数新的组合,结构送达主要作为一种方便的工具实现这些效果.复杂的,高度是巴洛克风格装饰的主要体现17世纪的建筑美学.格鲁吉亚是建筑风格的显着18世纪的表现形式（见格鲁吉亚架构） .上半年的19美分.是交给经典复苏和哥特复兴