英语翻译27.1 Evolutionary forces shape behavior.Many behaviors a

英语翻译
27.1 Evolutionary forces shape behavior.
Many behaviors are ecologically important and serve as adaptations.
Foraging and territorial behaviors have evolved because they allow animals to use resources efficiently.
1.What does optimal foraging theory predict about an animal's foraging behavior?What factors unrelated to this theory may also influence an animal's foraging choices?
2.What are the benefits of territorial behavior,and what are its costs?Under what circumstances is territorial behavior disadvantageous?
27.2 Reproductive behavior involves many choices influenced by natural selection.
Male and female animals maximize their fitness with different reproductive behaviors.The differences relate to the extent to which each sex provides care for offspring.
Usually,males are competitive and females show mate choice because females have higher reproductive costs.
A species' mating system is related to its ecology.
3.Why does natural selection favor mate choice?What factor is most important in determining which sex exhibits mate choice?
4.In birds,how does the amount of parental care required by the offspring affect the evolution of a species' mating system?
27.3 There is considerable controversy about the evolution of social behavior.
Many animals show altruistic,or self-sacrificing,behavior.Altruism may evolve through reciprocity or be directed toward relatives.Cooperative behavior often increases an individual's fitness.
Individuals form social groups because it is advantageous for them to do so.
Animal societies are characterized by cooperation and conflict.The organization of a society is related to the ecology of a species.
5.What is reciprocal altruism?What is kin selection?How does kin selection increase an individual's success in passing its genes on to the next generation?
27.4 Vertebrates exhibit a broad range of social behaviors.
Human behavior is extremely rich and varied and may result from both biology and culture.
Evolutionary theory can give us important insight into human nature,but such an approach to the study of human behavior may be controversial.
6.In vertebrate societies,what are the costs to an individual who makes an alarm call?Based on research in ground squirrels,which individuals are most likely to make alarm calls,and what benefits do they receive by doing so?
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27.1 进化力量形成行为
许多行为在生态学上是重要的,是为了适应环境.袭击入侵和地盘性行为已经进化,因为它们允许动物有效地利用资源.
1.最佳的袭击入侵理论关于动物的袭击入侵行为能预测到什么?什么因素与这一理论不相关却可能同样也影响一个动物的袭击入侵的选择?
2.地盘性行为的好处是什么,它的代价是什么?在什么环境下表现出地盘性行为的缺点?
27.2 繁殖行为中包含许多被自然选择所影响的抉择.雌雄动物通过不同的繁殖行为使它们的适应力发展到最大限度.关于父母中哪一方照顾后代各不相同.通常雄性是好竞争的,雌性拥有配偶选择权因为雌性付出更高的繁殖代价.一个物种的配对系统与生态学有关.
3.为什么自然选择偏爱配对选择?在决定哪一性别拥有配偶选择权时,什么因素是最重要的?
4.在鸟类中,后代需要父母照顾的总量怎样影响一个物种的配对系统的演变?
27.3 关于社会行为的演变有一种值得考虑的争论.许多动物表现出自我牺牲的行为.自我牺牲是通过相关性或直接面向亲缘动物的一种进化.合作行为通常增加个人的适应性.个体形成社会群体,因为这样做对他们有好处.动物社会的特征是合作和斗争.一个社会的起源与一个物种的生态学有关.
5 相关性的自我牺牲是什么?亲属关系的选择是什么?亲属关系的选择怎样增加个体的成功在传递它的基因给下一代方面上?
27.4 脊椎动物展现出一系列广阔的社会行为.人类行为是极端丰富多变的,可能来自生物和文化的结果.进化理论对于我们非常重要关于深入了解人类的天性,但是对于人类行为研究的如此方法可能引起争议.
6.在脊椎动物社会里,个体制造报警呼叫的代价是什么?基于对地鼠的研究,哪些个体最喜欢制造报警呼叫,它们如此做会收到什么样的好处?