搜搜考试网英语八大时态的构成哪些词修饰形容词,动词,不可数名词,可数名词,比较级.一定要全!英语八大时态只要构成,不要说的太墨迹
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英语八大时态的构成
哪些词修饰形容词,动词,不可数名词,可数名词,比较级.
一定要全!
英语八大时态只要构成,不要说的太墨迹
哪些词修饰形容词,动词,不可数名词,可数名词,比较级.
一定要全!
英语八大时态只要构成,不要说的太墨迹
一、一般现在时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表示反复发生的动作及人或物的一般特征,不指特定时间.表动作及状态的动词有助动词都可用于这个时态.
① 常跟频度副词如：never, hardly, scarcely, frequently, generally, quarterly, on alternate days
② 表未来计划,将来时间或明确说出,或可从上下文推出. When does the meeting take place?◆ When do we part?
2 在从句中表未来动作, 这时主句已使用一个将来时态, The doctor will first attend the patient who comes first. ◆A quarrel will arise as to who rules the country. ◆He will learn English until he thoroughly masters it.
① 这样用时,从句其实可以理解为省略了shall、will,如表意愿也可用will If he will (=is willing to) send the money, it will save trouble. ◆You will succeed if you will (=are willing) try.
② 即使在主句中,will或shall有时也可以省略 If you refuse, I am ruined.◆ I tell you the story while we are taking a walk. (=I will tell you the story while we are taking a walk.
3 用于祈使语气
4 描绘或讲述正当说话时发生的动作.常用于解说词或现场报道 John arrives home now. he sees his wife. She cries bitterly, but he does not seem to recognize her.（看电影时父亲向孩子讲述故事情节）
5 描述想像的将来或过去发生的情况,使故事栩栩如生.现在进行时和现在完成时也可以这样用,称为戏剧式的现在时.
① 想像 Now imatine yourself in a schoolroom, it is large and dingy. The pupils sit on long benches. They recite their lessons. How hard they work!
② 将来 The slaughtered citizens lie everywhere, and the tyrant is triumphing in their miseries.
③ 过去 The enemy broke in. they destroyed everything they encountered. All the houses are set on fire. Husbands, who have killed their wives, kill themselves.
6 用于图片、照片、连环画、卡通片等艺术作品的解说词 Hundreds of students demonstrate.
7 在剧本中描写角色的动作
二、现在进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表讲话时正在发生的动作 He is now gambling as he usually does (=gambles).（习惯）
① 有些表短暂动作的动词,如果用于进行时,可表尚未完成的动作 The flower is opening. (It has not yet opened fully, but it will open fully very soon.)
② 有些“表持续状态的动词”,即“没有进行时的动词”,即使表现在的动作,也只能用一般现在时, 而不用现在进行时 I is looking at the sky, and I see (不要用is seeing) a strange star.) ◆ 但He is seeing (= is interviewing ) someone.
③ 表状态的动词可always, for ever, constantly一起用于进行时,表不耐烦的情绪 He is constantly thinking that he is a sick man.
④ 在口语中,表状态的动词可用于进行时,以强调现在时刻 He is liking music. (=He is beginning to like music now.)
2 表最近刚开始,不久将结束,但讲话时不一定在进行的动作 They are building a bridge across the river.
3 在口语中表主语（须是人）计划将做的事情,常有不久将来状语配合,动词须表动作而不是状态.和一般现在时表未来计划的用法相似,但不那么独断而更委婉. We are having a baby next month.
① 这种进行时如和must, should等 助动词连用,可表示即将发生的动作. I have to be dressing for the party.
② to be doing用在一个表示愿望的动词后,表即将做的事情 I long to be calling on my aunt.
4 和一个频度状语连用,表反复发生的或习惯性的动作 How often is he attending the class? ◆ We are playing bridge all through the month.
① 和always或类似副词连用,带有感情色彩,表特点而不是动作 He always dreams of gold (=He dreams of gold whenever he dreams). He is always dreaming of gold (=He dreams of gold too frequently).
② 一般时表事实,进行时有夸张意味和感情色彩,表不高兴等情绪
③ 有时两个习惯性动作在同一时间发生且延续同样长时间,也可用进行时 Every Sunday when he is not working, he is fooling around.
④ 两个习惯性动作,一般时表示的动作持续时间要短些,主句比从句长些 The newsboy comes when we are taking breakfast. We are taking breakfast when the newsboy comes.
5 表被动的动作 Our breakfast is making (=is being made) ready.
三、现在完成时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表示过去已完成动作对现在所产生的后果（一般过去时只讲过去动作,不涉及现在情况 I did not sleep well.（对现在情况不理会）◆I have not slept well. (=I feel sleepy now.)
2 表过去完成的动作对现在应有的后果（不一定是现实的后果,现实的后果可能与预期相反） Oh! Johnny! You have just taken a bath (=You should be clean), but how come you get so dirty?
3 充当联系过去和现在的桥梁 He was sleepless many nights. He has been very tired and can't concentrate at all. So he decides not to go to the office. ◆He decides not to go to the office, for he has been very tired. He was sleepless many nights.
4 表示动作的完成, 并用它来和进行时表示的未完成动作进行对比 Everything in the world is changing or has changed, is passing or has passed, is reviving or has revived.
5 和频度状语一道表示从过去某时到现在动作发生的次数 The members have met once (yearly or once a year, from time to time, once in a while)
6 和“此时”的时间状语一道,表示“此时”未完成前的动作 I have met many people this morning (or this sunner). （说这话时仍是早晨或夏天,如果说I met many people this morning [or this summer] 则表示此时已不是早晨或夏天.）
7 和一个表示时间长度的状语一道,表示一个由过去开始到说话时仍在继续的动作 使用的动词应能表示一个可以持续的动作
① since的宾语必须是时点名词或一个表短暂动作的名词 He has waite here since 8 p.m. ◆ He has grown more and more serious since his graduation from the college.
② 在since引起的从句中,动词大多表示短暂动作,而且用一般过去时 He has known many new friends since he left school.
③ 有时可用is代替has been It is 18 years since she died.
④ 有些动词表持续动作,但有时可表短暂动作 He has learned many things since he was (=became) interested in science. ◆He has been very busy since he lived (=began to live) in town.
⑤ 在since引起的从句中偶尔可用现在完成时 I have been treated by eight doctors since I have been ill.
⑥ 介词for的宾语必须表一段时间,for有时可省略） He has kept silent during (=for) the last two years.
8 和can,may,must等助动词连用,表一个过去动作,或一个猜想已发生的动作,这时可有过去时间状语 Can he have lived in England? (=Is [or was] it possible that he lived in England?◆He may have met with an accident yesterday. (=It is [or was] probable that he met with an accident yesterday.)
① 不定式的完成形式也可以表示一个过去动作,并和一个过去时间状语一道用,尽管谓语动词是现在式 He is said to have resigned last Sunday. (=It is said that he resigned last Sunday. ◆He seems to have died years ago.
9 在时间、条件及让步状语从句中代替将来时 I shall be unable to leave even though I have (代替shall have ) done my work by 6 p.m.
10 表一个由一般现在时表示的反复动作前业已完成的另一反复动作 His family have taken lunch when he arrives home at two. ◆He arrives hom at two; his family have taken lunch.
11 Have gone和Have been有不同意思
① gone只关注去过,been表示在那儿过 He has gone to singapore. (He is now in Singapore.)◆He has been to Singapore. (But he is not there now.)◆He has been in Singapore. (He has stayed in Singapore, but has left it now.)
② 例句 I have been (不能用gone) to Japan twice. ◆'Where is John?' 'He has gone(不能用been) to the exhibition.'
③ 在助动词之后不能用“Have got”表示有 I will (or shall, may, must) have many friends.
④ 除了“有”之外,“Have got”不表示任何其他意思 He has dinner at eight. We have a hard time.
四、现在完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 和现在完成时一样,可表一个由过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,常和表一段时间的状语连用 I have been learning English for two years. (I am still learning now.)
① 表暂时性动作用完成进行时较好,表长时期动作用完成时较好 I have lived here all my life. ◆We have developed our country for two centuries.
2 表过去的动作对出在的影响 I have been attending to many matters. (I am feeling tired now.) ◆I have been telling him not to be a fool. (He should be cleverer now.)
3 现在完成时不具有的下列含义：
① 动作仍在继续 They have been discussing it. (They have not yet finished discussing it.)
② 有某种企图 He has been telling me. (He has tired to tell to tell me.) ◆He has been playing me a dirty trick.
③ 尝试但未成功 He has been advising me. (But he does not succeed, I don’t believe.)
④ 最近的动作 He has been drinking with his frieds. (He drank not long ago.) ◆They have (just) been talking
⑤ 反复和逐渐的动作 I have been telling him. (I have told him many tomes.) ◆ He has been losing his influence. (He has lost his influence gradually.
⑥ 感情色彩 What have you been doing all this week?（不耐烦）◆You have been giving me everything（感激）
4 但要注意：
① 如果动词表示状态而不表示动作,应用现在完成时 I have known him for ears. ◆John has loved Mary since he was ten.
② 这个时态一般不用在否定句中
五、一般过去时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表示过去发生的动作
2 表过去反复发生的或习惯性的动作
3 在间接引语中代替一般现在时
① 但在口语中一般现在时仍可以用,特别当有未来时间状语时 I said I am free next Sunday. I knew he comes tomorrow (or in three days, next week).
② 还有一些情况,间接引语中的一般现在时可以保持不变. I said, 'I must go.' = I said I must go. He said, 'I ought to do it.' = He said he ought to do it. He said God be thanked. He said God forbid that he should ill-treat anyone.
③ 但当句子表示的设想与事实相反或不符时,从句为谓用一般过去时 I thought he was (or had been) a scholar. (Now I see he is not.). I didn’t quite realize that he was a great, great pianist. (=Now I realize he is.)
④ 在宾主从句中,如果主句谓语为过去时,要用would代替will. I forgot to tell you that you would get into trouble.
⑤
4 在时间、条件状语从句中,表一个从过去看来将发生的情况. He promised to give me five dollars when he got his pay. We knew Dad would punish us unless we behaved.
5 表过去计划要做的事,特别当有一个未来时间状语时. He started (=was to start) at seven the following day. (比较：He starts at seven tomorrow.)
6 在对话中用来重复对方刚提过的事 A：His name is Mauling. B：What was his name (=What did you say his name was)? A：Put it under the desk. B：(Talks about something else, and then) where was I to put it?
7 用在比较客气的话中,代替一般现在时（并非谈过去情况,而是现在情况）： Was your father in? I was hoping he was free this evening. Did you want it? I was thinking you might like it.
六、过去进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
12 表示即将发生的事 尤其是前面有助动词ought to、must等
13 表一个被动动作 A house was building(=was being built).
14 一般过去时和过去进行时都不宜贸然使用 只宜于在下面情况下使用：
① 有过去时间状语或可根据上下文推断出是过去时间
② 有现在完成时把时间引向过去 I have been to Bangkok, where I stayed at my friend's house. As it was raining hard, I had no chance of sight-seeing.
七、过去完成时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表过去某时以前已经结束的动作 I had read the novel by three o'clock.(I finished it before three and read it no more at three
① 从句或并列句,如一个过去动作发生时另一动作业已发生,则一个用一般现在时一个用过去完成时 .如两动作同时发生,则均可用一般过去时.但如果主句中包含了过去完成时,从句中的过去完成时常以一般过去时代替.
② 如果所用连词或状语已表示了时间的先后,可用一般过去时代替过去完成时 The audience applauded when he(had)finished his speech.
③ 如按时间顺序往下写,均可用一般过去时,如果其中有一个动作等于另外的动作,则用过去完成时 When he courted her, she turned him down. But two years later, they were husband and wife. She found it queer indeed.
④ 在追叙更早的情节时,第一、二个动词用过去完成时,使时间关系清楚,后面均用一般过去时
⑤ 历史事实须用一般过去时在联系现在情况时,即使另一动词用过去时,也不能把史实用过去完成时 I learned that Columbus (不用had) discovered America.
2 表示对后来动作的影响 I had eaten something before I tok dinner.(So I had no appetite at dinner). 但：I ate something before I took dinner.(Maybe I had my unsual appetite at dinner.)
3 在否定句中表另一动作前刚发生的动作,有时可译成“刚刚……就……”或“不等……就……” No sooner had he opened his mouth than I knew what he wanted to say.
4 表过去某时前已经发生并继续的事,通常有一个时期状语,可译为“到……为止”,或“自从……就一直（已经）” By December last year, he had worked for ten years. (Most probably he was still working in December.)
5 表未实现的愿望,特别是动词表示“打算”这类意思时,可译为“本来打算……”. He had hoped to help you.(=He hoped to have helped you.=He had hoped to have helped you.=His hope was to have helped you. (But he did not help you.)
6 代替一般过去时,表惊奇. He had scarcely raised his hand when his angagonist had lain him on the ground.
7 在said、exclaimed、reported后的间接引语中代替一般过去时或现在完成时 He said 'I have asked the Mayor.' = He said that he had asked the Mayor. He exclaimed, 'I saw it.' = He exclaimed that he had seen it.
8 用来对一个没听清楚的过去情况提问 A：They sold six hundredpieces. B：(After sometime) How many pieces had they sold? (=How many pieces did you say they had sold?)
9 用在状语从句中表示从过去时间看将来某时前已经发生的事（代替过去将来完成时） He said (in the morning) he would return (in the evening) when he had spoken to Mary (in the afternoon). （代替would have spoken）
八、过去完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 与过去完成时的用法很相近,通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作 He was now thirty ears old. He had been gambling since he was ten. (He was still gambling at thirty.)
① 不过这个时态并不总是表示这个过去动作将持续下去 He came back at seven. He had been waiting for her two hours. (At seven he did not wait any more.)
2 和现在完成进行时一样,这个时态也可有一些特别含义.
① 尚未完成 He had been writing the novel. (He had not finished it yet.)
② 企图 He had been studying the meaning of this proverb. (He has trying to study it.)
③ 未得结果 We had been studying what our enemy had said. (But we were not able to understand it.)
④ 最近情况 He had been quarrelling with his wife. (lately)
⑤ 反复动作 He had been asking me the same question. (Many times)
⑥ 情绪 What had he been doing? （不耐烦）
3 否定句很少用这个时态,而多以过去完成时代替. He had not practised English for many years.
4 用在said,supposed等引起的间接引语中,代替现在完成进行时 He said, 'I have been speaking to john.' = He said that he had been speaking to john.
九、过去完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表单纯的未来动作
① 陈述句 I shall see and hear many strange things. 但：I will look and listen.（表意愿）
② 疑问句 第一、二人称用shall、will均可.第三人称只用will.
2 表意愿 包括：愿望；允诺；决心；命令、禁止、威胁（第二人称中,口语常用must代替）.
① 陈述句.三种人称will、shall通用.肯定句中shall的语气较强,否定句中反之. I will(shall)answer for it with my life. I shall(=I certainly will) defend myself if he should attack me.
② 疑问句.第二人称用will,第三人称用shall,第一人称二者均可用. Will you do me the pleasure (or the honor) of dining with me?
十、将来进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 将来一段时间正在进行的动作 He will be working hard next week (=throughout next week). 时间状语有时不说出：We shall be meeting again (or from time to time)
2 表亲切和客气 Shall you be getting home late? You will be killing yourself.
3 表可能性.这个将来时态实际上指现在情况. He will (=may) be expecting me. You will be making a mistake.
十一、将来完成时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表将来某时或某动作发生时业已完成的动作. I shall have finished it by next Sunday. He will have written it tomorrow at noon.
① 在以if,unless,when,before,after,as soon as等引起的状语从句中,通常都以现在完成时代替这个时态. You will like the book after you have read it.
2 表持续到将来某时或某个动作发生时的动作.须有一个表示未来时间的状语. By the time I leave school I shall have studied English six years.
3 表一个可能已完成的动作.这个“将来”时态实际上表示一个过去情况 It is eleven. He will (= may) have gone to bed (=It is likely that he has gone to bed.
十二、将来完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表将来某时或某动作发生时业已完成的动作. I shall have finished it by next Sunday. He will have written it tomorrow at noon.
① 在以if,unless,when,before,after,as soon as等引起的状语从句中,通常都以现在完成时代替这个时态. You will like the book after you have read it.
2 表持续到将来某时或某个动作发生时的动作.须有一个表示未来时间的状语. By the time I leave school I shall have studied English six years.
3 表一个可能已完成的动作.这个“将来”时态实际上表示一个过去情况 It is eleven. He will (= may) have gone to bed (=It is likely that he has gone to bed.
▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓
修饰形容词的有：
1、形容词；2、副词；3、形容词性名词；4、动名词；5、分词
只有副词可以修饰动词
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表示反复发生的动作及人或物的一般特征,不指特定时间.表动作及状态的动词有助动词都可用于这个时态.
① 常跟频度副词如：never, hardly, scarcely, frequently, generally, quarterly, on alternate days
② 表未来计划,将来时间或明确说出,或可从上下文推出. When does the meeting take place?◆ When do we part?
2 在从句中表未来动作, 这时主句已使用一个将来时态, The doctor will first attend the patient who comes first. ◆A quarrel will arise as to who rules the country. ◆He will learn English until he thoroughly masters it.
① 这样用时,从句其实可以理解为省略了shall、will,如表意愿也可用will If he will (=is willing to) send the money, it will save trouble. ◆You will succeed if you will (=are willing) try.
② 即使在主句中,will或shall有时也可以省略 If you refuse, I am ruined.◆ I tell you the story while we are taking a walk. (=I will tell you the story while we are taking a walk.
3 用于祈使语气
4 描绘或讲述正当说话时发生的动作.常用于解说词或现场报道 John arrives home now. he sees his wife. She cries bitterly, but he does not seem to recognize her.（看电影时父亲向孩子讲述故事情节）
5 描述想像的将来或过去发生的情况,使故事栩栩如生.现在进行时和现在完成时也可以这样用,称为戏剧式的现在时.
① 想像 Now imatine yourself in a schoolroom, it is large and dingy. The pupils sit on long benches. They recite their lessons. How hard they work!
② 将来 The slaughtered citizens lie everywhere, and the tyrant is triumphing in their miseries.
③ 过去 The enemy broke in. they destroyed everything they encountered. All the houses are set on fire. Husbands, who have killed their wives, kill themselves.
6 用于图片、照片、连环画、卡通片等艺术作品的解说词 Hundreds of students demonstrate.
7 在剧本中描写角色的动作
二、现在进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表讲话时正在发生的动作 He is now gambling as he usually does (=gambles).（习惯）
① 有些表短暂动作的动词,如果用于进行时,可表尚未完成的动作 The flower is opening. (It has not yet opened fully, but it will open fully very soon.)
② 有些“表持续状态的动词”,即“没有进行时的动词”,即使表现在的动作,也只能用一般现在时, 而不用现在进行时 I is looking at the sky, and I see (不要用is seeing) a strange star.) ◆ 但He is seeing (= is interviewing ) someone.
③ 表状态的动词可always, for ever, constantly一起用于进行时,表不耐烦的情绪 He is constantly thinking that he is a sick man.
④ 在口语中,表状态的动词可用于进行时,以强调现在时刻 He is liking music. (=He is beginning to like music now.)
2 表最近刚开始,不久将结束,但讲话时不一定在进行的动作 They are building a bridge across the river.
3 在口语中表主语（须是人）计划将做的事情,常有不久将来状语配合,动词须表动作而不是状态.和一般现在时表未来计划的用法相似,但不那么独断而更委婉. We are having a baby next month.
① 这种进行时如和must, should等 助动词连用,可表示即将发生的动作. I have to be dressing for the party.
② to be doing用在一个表示愿望的动词后,表即将做的事情 I long to be calling on my aunt.
4 和一个频度状语连用,表反复发生的或习惯性的动作 How often is he attending the class? ◆ We are playing bridge all through the month.
① 和always或类似副词连用,带有感情色彩,表特点而不是动作 He always dreams of gold (=He dreams of gold whenever he dreams). He is always dreaming of gold (=He dreams of gold too frequently).
② 一般时表事实,进行时有夸张意味和感情色彩,表不高兴等情绪
③ 有时两个习惯性动作在同一时间发生且延续同样长时间,也可用进行时 Every Sunday when he is not working, he is fooling around.
④ 两个习惯性动作,一般时表示的动作持续时间要短些,主句比从句长些 The newsboy comes when we are taking breakfast. We are taking breakfast when the newsboy comes.
5 表被动的动作 Our breakfast is making (=is being made) ready.
三、现在完成时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表示过去已完成动作对现在所产生的后果（一般过去时只讲过去动作,不涉及现在情况 I did not sleep well.（对现在情况不理会）◆I have not slept well. (=I feel sleepy now.)
2 表过去完成的动作对现在应有的后果（不一定是现实的后果,现实的后果可能与预期相反） Oh! Johnny! You have just taken a bath (=You should be clean), but how come you get so dirty?
3 充当联系过去和现在的桥梁 He was sleepless many nights. He has been very tired and can't concentrate at all. So he decides not to go to the office. ◆He decides not to go to the office, for he has been very tired. He was sleepless many nights.
4 表示动作的完成, 并用它来和进行时表示的未完成动作进行对比 Everything in the world is changing or has changed, is passing or has passed, is reviving or has revived.
5 和频度状语一道表示从过去某时到现在动作发生的次数 The members have met once (yearly or once a year, from time to time, once in a while)
6 和“此时”的时间状语一道,表示“此时”未完成前的动作 I have met many people this morning (or this sunner). （说这话时仍是早晨或夏天,如果说I met many people this morning [or this summer] 则表示此时已不是早晨或夏天.）
7 和一个表示时间长度的状语一道,表示一个由过去开始到说话时仍在继续的动作 使用的动词应能表示一个可以持续的动作
① since的宾语必须是时点名词或一个表短暂动作的名词 He has waite here since 8 p.m. ◆ He has grown more and more serious since his graduation from the college.
② 在since引起的从句中,动词大多表示短暂动作,而且用一般过去时 He has known many new friends since he left school.
③ 有时可用is代替has been It is 18 years since she died.
④ 有些动词表持续动作,但有时可表短暂动作 He has learned many things since he was (=became) interested in science. ◆He has been very busy since he lived (=began to live) in town.
⑤ 在since引起的从句中偶尔可用现在完成时 I have been treated by eight doctors since I have been ill.
⑥ 介词for的宾语必须表一段时间,for有时可省略） He has kept silent during (=for) the last two years.
8 和can,may,must等助动词连用,表一个过去动作,或一个猜想已发生的动作,这时可有过去时间状语 Can he have lived in England? (=Is [or was] it possible that he lived in England?◆He may have met with an accident yesterday. (=It is [or was] probable that he met with an accident yesterday.)
① 不定式的完成形式也可以表示一个过去动作,并和一个过去时间状语一道用,尽管谓语动词是现在式 He is said to have resigned last Sunday. (=It is said that he resigned last Sunday. ◆He seems to have died years ago.
9 在时间、条件及让步状语从句中代替将来时 I shall be unable to leave even though I have (代替shall have ) done my work by 6 p.m.
10 表一个由一般现在时表示的反复动作前业已完成的另一反复动作 His family have taken lunch when he arrives home at two. ◆He arrives hom at two; his family have taken lunch.
11 Have gone和Have been有不同意思
① gone只关注去过,been表示在那儿过 He has gone to singapore. (He is now in Singapore.)◆He has been to Singapore. (But he is not there now.)◆He has been in Singapore. (He has stayed in Singapore, but has left it now.)
② 例句 I have been (不能用gone) to Japan twice. ◆'Where is John?' 'He has gone(不能用been) to the exhibition.'
③ 在助动词之后不能用“Have got”表示有 I will (or shall, may, must) have many friends.
④ 除了“有”之外,“Have got”不表示任何其他意思 He has dinner at eight. We have a hard time.
四、现在完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 和现在完成时一样,可表一个由过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,常和表一段时间的状语连用 I have been learning English for two years. (I am still learning now.)
① 表暂时性动作用完成进行时较好,表长时期动作用完成时较好 I have lived here all my life. ◆We have developed our country for two centuries.
2 表过去的动作对出在的影响 I have been attending to many matters. (I am feeling tired now.) ◆I have been telling him not to be a fool. (He should be cleverer now.)
3 现在完成时不具有的下列含义：
① 动作仍在继续 They have been discussing it. (They have not yet finished discussing it.)
② 有某种企图 He has been telling me. (He has tired to tell to tell me.) ◆He has been playing me a dirty trick.
③ 尝试但未成功 He has been advising me. (But he does not succeed, I don’t believe.)
④ 最近的动作 He has been drinking with his frieds. (He drank not long ago.) ◆They have (just) been talking
⑤ 反复和逐渐的动作 I have been telling him. (I have told him many tomes.) ◆ He has been losing his influence. (He has lost his influence gradually.
⑥ 感情色彩 What have you been doing all this week?（不耐烦）◆You have been giving me everything（感激）
4 但要注意：
① 如果动词表示状态而不表示动作,应用现在完成时 I have known him for ears. ◆John has loved Mary since he was ten.
② 这个时态一般不用在否定句中
五、一般过去时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表示过去发生的动作
2 表过去反复发生的或习惯性的动作
3 在间接引语中代替一般现在时
① 但在口语中一般现在时仍可以用,特别当有未来时间状语时 I said I am free next Sunday. I knew he comes tomorrow (or in three days, next week).
② 还有一些情况,间接引语中的一般现在时可以保持不变. I said, 'I must go.' = I said I must go. He said, 'I ought to do it.' = He said he ought to do it. He said God be thanked. He said God forbid that he should ill-treat anyone.
③ 但当句子表示的设想与事实相反或不符时,从句为谓用一般过去时 I thought he was (or had been) a scholar. (Now I see he is not.). I didn’t quite realize that he was a great, great pianist. (=Now I realize he is.)
④ 在宾主从句中,如果主句谓语为过去时,要用would代替will. I forgot to tell you that you would get into trouble.
⑤
4 在时间、条件状语从句中,表一个从过去看来将发生的情况. He promised to give me five dollars when he got his pay. We knew Dad would punish us unless we behaved.
5 表过去计划要做的事,特别当有一个未来时间状语时. He started (=was to start) at seven the following day. (比较：He starts at seven tomorrow.)
6 在对话中用来重复对方刚提过的事 A：His name is Mauling. B：What was his name (=What did you say his name was)? A：Put it under the desk. B：(Talks about something else, and then) where was I to put it?
7 用在比较客气的话中,代替一般现在时（并非谈过去情况,而是现在情况）： Was your father in? I was hoping he was free this evening. Did you want it? I was thinking you might like it.
六、过去进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
12 表示即将发生的事 尤其是前面有助动词ought to、must等
13 表一个被动动作 A house was building(=was being built).
14 一般过去时和过去进行时都不宜贸然使用 只宜于在下面情况下使用：
① 有过去时间状语或可根据上下文推断出是过去时间
② 有现在完成时把时间引向过去 I have been to Bangkok, where I stayed at my friend's house. As it was raining hard, I had no chance of sight-seeing.
七、过去完成时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表过去某时以前已经结束的动作 I had read the novel by three o'clock.(I finished it before three and read it no more at three
① 从句或并列句,如一个过去动作发生时另一动作业已发生,则一个用一般现在时一个用过去完成时 .如两动作同时发生,则均可用一般过去时.但如果主句中包含了过去完成时,从句中的过去完成时常以一般过去时代替.
② 如果所用连词或状语已表示了时间的先后,可用一般过去时代替过去完成时 The audience applauded when he(had)finished his speech.
③ 如按时间顺序往下写,均可用一般过去时,如果其中有一个动作等于另外的动作,则用过去完成时 When he courted her, she turned him down. But two years later, they were husband and wife. She found it queer indeed.
④ 在追叙更早的情节时,第一、二个动词用过去完成时,使时间关系清楚,后面均用一般过去时
⑤ 历史事实须用一般过去时在联系现在情况时,即使另一动词用过去时,也不能把史实用过去完成时 I learned that Columbus (不用had) discovered America.
2 表示对后来动作的影响 I had eaten something before I tok dinner.(So I had no appetite at dinner). 但：I ate something before I took dinner.(Maybe I had my unsual appetite at dinner.)
3 在否定句中表另一动作前刚发生的动作,有时可译成“刚刚……就……”或“不等……就……” No sooner had he opened his mouth than I knew what he wanted to say.
4 表过去某时前已经发生并继续的事,通常有一个时期状语,可译为“到……为止”,或“自从……就一直（已经）” By December last year, he had worked for ten years. (Most probably he was still working in December.)
5 表未实现的愿望,特别是动词表示“打算”这类意思时,可译为“本来打算……”. He had hoped to help you.(=He hoped to have helped you.=He had hoped to have helped you.=His hope was to have helped you. (But he did not help you.)
6 代替一般过去时,表惊奇. He had scarcely raised his hand when his angagonist had lain him on the ground.
7 在said、exclaimed、reported后的间接引语中代替一般过去时或现在完成时 He said 'I have asked the Mayor.' = He said that he had asked the Mayor. He exclaimed, 'I saw it.' = He exclaimed that he had seen it.
8 用来对一个没听清楚的过去情况提问 A：They sold six hundredpieces. B：(After sometime) How many pieces had they sold? (=How many pieces did you say they had sold?)
9 用在状语从句中表示从过去时间看将来某时前已经发生的事（代替过去将来完成时） He said (in the morning) he would return (in the evening) when he had spoken to Mary (in the afternoon). （代替would have spoken）
八、过去完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 与过去完成时的用法很相近,通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作 He was now thirty ears old. He had been gambling since he was ten. (He was still gambling at thirty.)
① 不过这个时态并不总是表示这个过去动作将持续下去 He came back at seven. He had been waiting for her two hours. (At seven he did not wait any more.)
2 和现在完成进行时一样,这个时态也可有一些特别含义.
① 尚未完成 He had been writing the novel. (He had not finished it yet.)
② 企图 He had been studying the meaning of this proverb. (He has trying to study it.)
③ 未得结果 We had been studying what our enemy had said. (But we were not able to understand it.)
④ 最近情况 He had been quarrelling with his wife. (lately)
⑤ 反复动作 He had been asking me the same question. (Many times)
⑥ 情绪 What had he been doing? （不耐烦）
3 否定句很少用这个时态,而多以过去完成时代替. He had not practised English for many years.
4 用在said,supposed等引起的间接引语中,代替现在完成进行时 He said, 'I have been speaking to john.' = He said that he had been speaking to john.
九、过去完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表单纯的未来动作
① 陈述句 I shall see and hear many strange things. 但：I will look and listen.（表意愿）
② 疑问句 第一、二人称用shall、will均可.第三人称只用will.
2 表意愿 包括：愿望；允诺；决心；命令、禁止、威胁（第二人称中,口语常用must代替）.
① 陈述句.三种人称will、shall通用.肯定句中shall的语气较强,否定句中反之. I will(shall)answer for it with my life. I shall(=I certainly will) defend myself if he should attack me.
② 疑问句.第二人称用will,第三人称用shall,第一人称二者均可用. Will you do me the pleasure (or the honor) of dining with me?
十、将来进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 将来一段时间正在进行的动作 He will be working hard next week (=throughout next week). 时间状语有时不说出：We shall be meeting again (or from time to time)
2 表亲切和客气 Shall you be getting home late? You will be killing yourself.
3 表可能性.这个将来时态实际上指现在情况. He will (=may) be expecting me. You will be making a mistake.
十一、将来完成时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表将来某时或某动作发生时业已完成的动作. I shall have finished it by next Sunday. He will have written it tomorrow at noon.
① 在以if,unless,when,before,after,as soon as等引起的状语从句中,通常都以现在完成时代替这个时态. You will like the book after you have read it.
2 表持续到将来某时或某个动作发生时的动作.须有一个表示未来时间的状语. By the time I leave school I shall have studied English six years.
3 表一个可能已完成的动作.这个“将来”时态实际上表示一个过去情况 It is eleven. He will (= may) have gone to bed (=It is likely that he has gone to bed.
十二、将来完成进行时
序号 用法 说明或例句
1 表将来某时或某动作发生时业已完成的动作. I shall have finished it by next Sunday. He will have written it tomorrow at noon.
① 在以if,unless,when,before,after,as soon as等引起的状语从句中,通常都以现在完成时代替这个时态. You will like the book after you have read it.
2 表持续到将来某时或某个动作发生时的动作.须有一个表示未来时间的状语. By the time I leave school I shall have studied English six years.
3 表一个可能已完成的动作.这个“将来”时态实际上表示一个过去情况 It is eleven. He will (= may) have gone to bed (=It is likely that he has gone to bed.
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修饰形容词的有：
1、形容词；2、副词；3、形容词性名词；4、动名词；5、分词
只有副词可以修饰动词