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设A={a,b,c,d},R={,,,,},求R的自反、对称和传递闭包.

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设A={a,b,c,d},R={,,,,},求R的自反、对称和传递闭包.
设A={a,b,c,d},R={,,,,},求R的自反、对称和传递闭包.
eflexive closure(R)={,,,,,}
Symmetric closure(R)={,,,,,,,}
i can't help you with your transitive closure !
LetW be a non-empty set and R a binary relation onW. Then R+,
the transitive closure of R, is the smallest transitive relation on W that contains R.
That is,
R+ =&{R`|R` is a transitive binary relation on W & (R included by R`)}: