英语翻译土木专业的就行 无需施工

英语翻译
土木专业的就行 无需施工

高层建筑
大体上建筑施工工艺学方面已经有许多进步, 在超高层的设计和施工上已经取得了惊人的成就.
高层建筑早期的发展开始于钢结构.钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒系统已经经济而竞争性地被用于大量的住宅和商业目的的结构.由于新型结构系统的创新和发展,现在从50到100层的高层建筑遍布全美国.
更大高度的要求增加了梁柱的尺寸以使建筑物刚性更强,以便在风荷载作用下建筑物将不会产生超过一个可接受限度的摆动.过度的侧移可能导致隔墙,天花板和其他建筑细部的重复性损害.此外,过度侧倾可能使建筑物的居住者因为对摆动的知觉而导致不便.钢筋混凝土和钢结构系统,能充分利用整个建筑物固有潜在的劲性,因而不需要额外加劲以限制侧倾.
例如,在一个钢结构中,经济性由建筑物房屋面积每平方英尺钢的全部平均数量来定义.图一中的曲线A采用层逐渐增加的数量表现传统框架的平均单位重.曲线B则表现框架受到所有横向荷载保护下的平均钢重量.上下边界之间的间隙则表现传统梁柱框架为高度付出的额外费用.结构工程师已经发展了可消除这一额外费用的结构系统.
钢结构体系.因为一些类型的结构改革,钢高层建筑物得到了发展.此改革被用于办公大楼和公寓的建造.
带有刚性带式桁架的框架.为了将一个框架结构的外柱约束于内部的垂直梁架,可能在建筑物中部和顶部采用一个刚性带式桁架的系统.这一系统的最好例证是在密尔瓦基的威斯康辛州第一银行建筑物 (1974).
框架筒体.只有当建筑物突出地面的所有的柱构件能够彼此连接使整个建筑物成为一个空心筒体或一个劲性箱体时,一幢高层建筑的整个结构才能最有效.这种特殊的结构体系第一次大概是用于芝加哥的43层楼高的德威特栗木钢筋混凝土公寓.而这一系统最重要的应用是纽约的110层楼高的世界贸易中心的钢结构双塔.
对角柱桁架支撑筒体.建筑物的外柱可以被适当的分隔却仍能通过在梁柱中线处交叉对角构件连接使之作为一个筒体而共同工作.这种简单而又极其有用的系统最早被用于芝加哥的约翰汉考克中心,其仅仅使用了传统的40层楼高建筑的用钢量
组合筒体（束筒）.由于对更大更高的建筑物的持续需求,框架筒和对角柱桁架支撑筒可能采用组合使用的形式以创造更大的筒,并仍可以保持高功效.芝加哥110层楼高的西尔斯瑞巴克总部有9个筒,由三排建筑物组合而成.一些个别筒体终止在建筑物不同的高度,证明了无限建筑可能性的结构观念.西尔斯塔高1450英尺（442m）,是世界上最高的建筑.
薄壳筒体系.筒结构体系的发展提高了高层建筑抵抗侧向力（风和地震作用）和飘移（建筑物的侧向运动）的能力.薄壳筒使筒结构体系有了进一步的发展.薄壳筒的进步是利用（高层）建筑的外表面（墙和板）作为与框筒共同作用的结构构件,为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径,而且可获得不设柱子,节省成本,使用面积与建筑面积之比很高的室内空间.
由于薄壳表面的作用,筒体的框架构件数量减少,使得结构更轻,费用更少.所有标准柱和外墙托梁都采用标准型钢,使得组合构件的使用和花费最小化.四周外墙托梁的深度要求也被减少,而且楼板上的顶梁对有用空间的占用会达到最小.这种结构系统已经被使用于 54 层楼高的匹兹堡的梅隆银行中心.
混凝土体系.虽然采用钢结构建造的高层建筑开始很早,但是钢筋混凝土高层建筑的快速发展在办公大楼和公寓方面对钢结构体系产生了很大的挑战.
框架筒体.由上面讨论到的,高层建筑最早的框架筒体概念应用于43层楼高的德威特栗木公寓.在这一建筑物中,外柱以中心距为5.5英尺（168米）的间隔排列,内柱则用于支撑8英寸厚的混凝土平板.
筒中筒.另一个用于办公大楼的钢筋混凝土结构体系是将内部框架筒体与传统的剪力墙工艺相结合.这种体系由间距很小的柱子构成的外框架筒与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成.这种被称为筒中筒的体系使设计目前世界上最高（714英尺或218米）,总费用只相当于传统35层楼高的剪力墙结构体系的轻型混凝土建筑（52层楼高的休斯顿的壳广场建筑）成为可能.
结合混凝土和钢的体系也得到发展,这方面的一个例子是由Skidmore, Owings 和 Merrill发展的复合体系.它是采用间距很小的混凝土外框架筒包围钢框架内筒组成,因此兼有钢筋混凝土和钢结构体系的优点.在新奥尔良的一个 52 层楼高的壳广场建筑便是以这一体系为基础.
Tall Buildings
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.
In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame; Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.
Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.
Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.
Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York.
Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with. Diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional story building.

Fig. 1. Graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building heights for a typical building frame. Curves A and B correspond to the boundary conditions indicated in the two building diagrams. 1 psf = 0. 048kPa.
Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The i10-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at tile base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft (442 m), is the world's tallest building.
Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.
Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.
Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.
Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the world's present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete Building in Houston)for structure of only 35 s oriel building the unit 52—story One Shell Plaza of a traditional shear wall
Systems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed,an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore,Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing,thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural
steel systems．The 52—story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system．
NEW WORDS AND PHRASES
1．spectacular 壮观的,惊人的,引人注意的
2．sway 摇动,摇摆,歪,使倾斜
3．residential 居住的,住宅的,作住家用的
4．commercial 商业的,商业上的,商务的
5．innovation 革新,创新,新方法,新事物
6．boundary 分界线,边界
7．eliminate 排除,消除,除去
8．apartment 公寓住宅,单元住宅
9．column 柱,支柱,圆柱,柱状物
10．demonstrate 示范,证明,演示,
11．project 凸出,投射,计划,工程
12．stress 应力,压力
13．truss 构架,桁架
14．bundle 捆,束,包
15．terminate 使终止,使结尾,结束
16．facade (房屋的)／E面,立面,表面
17．perimeter 周,周围,周界,周长
18．encroach 侵犯,侵占,蚕食
19．high•rise building 高层建筑
20．reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土
21．spandrel beam 窗下墙的墙托梁
22．shear wall 剪力墙