搜搜考试网急求一篇有关日军侵华战争的英语文章
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急求一篇有关日军侵华战争的英语文章
要求300个词左右
要求300个词左右
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7,1937 to September 9,1945) was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century.[4] From 1937 to 1941,it was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,the Second Sino-Japanese War merged into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front in the Pacific Theatre.
Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931,full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945.The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast raw material reserves and other resources.At the same time,the rising tide of Chinese nationalism and notions of self determination stoked the coals of war.Before 1937,China and Japan fought in small,localized engagements in so-called "incidents".Yet the two sides,for a variety of reasons,refrained from fighting a total war.The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Imperial Japan's Kwangtung Army is known as the "Mukden Incident".The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937,marking the beginning of full scale war between the two countries.[5]
Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on July 7,1937 at the Marco Polo Bridge Incident,when a crucial access point to Beiping (Beijing) was assaulted by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).Because the Chinese defenders were the poorly equipped infantry divisions of the former Northwest Army,the Japanese easily captured Beiping and Tianjin.
The Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo were initially reluctant to escalate the conflict into full scale war,being content with the victories achieved in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.However,the KMT central government determined that the "breaking point" of Japanese aggression had been breached and Chiang Kai-shek quickly mobilized the central government army and airforce under his direct command to attack the Japanese Marines in Shanghai on August 13,1937,which led to the Battle of Shanghai.The IJA had to mobilize over 200,000 troops,coupled with numerous naval vessels and aircraft to capture Shanghai after more than three months of intense fighting,with casualties far exceeding initial expectations.[7]
Building on the hard won victory in Shanghai,by the end of 1937 the IJA captured the KMT capital city of Nanjing and Southern Shanxi in campaigns involving approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers,and considerably more Chinese soldiers.Historians estimate up to 300,000 Chinese were mass murdered(by beheading or buried alive) in the Nanjing Massacre,after the fall of Nanjing on December 13,1937,while some Japanese deny the existence of a massacre.
At the start of 1938,the Headquarters in Tokyo still hoped to limit the scope of the conflict at occupying areas around Shanghai,Nanjing and most of northern China,in order to preserve strength for an anticipated showdown with the Soviet Union.But by now the Headquarters had effectively lost command over Japanese generals fighting in China.With many victories achieved,these generals escalated the war and finally met with defeat in Taierzhuang.Afterwards the IJA had to change its strategy and deployed almost all of its armies to attack the city of Wuhan,which by now was the political,economic and military center of China,hoping to destroy the fighting strength of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and force the KMT government to negotiate for peace.[8] But after the IJA captured the city of Wuhan on October 27,1938,the KMT retreated to Chongqing to set up a provisional capital and Chiang still refused to negotiate unless the Japanese agree to a complete withdrawal to pre-1937 levels.
With Japanese casualties and costs mounting,the deeply frustrated Imperial General Headquarters decided to retaliate by ordering the Imperial air force of the Navy and the Army to launch the world's first massive air bombing raids of civilian targets on the provisional capital of Chongqing and nearly every major city in unoccupied China,leaving millions dead,injured and homeless.
From the beginning of 1939 the war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of IJA at Changsha and Guangxi.These favorable outcomes encouraged the NRA to launch its first large-scale counter-offensive against IJA in early 1940.However,due to very low military-industrial capacities and limited experience in modern warfare,the NRA was defeated in this offensive operation.Afterwards Chiang could not risk any more all-out offensive campaigns given the poorly-trained,under-equipped,and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large.He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped army defending Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals,who maintained a high degree of independence from the central KMT government.
From 1940 on the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories,and tried to solve its occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favorable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered,the most prominent being the Nanjing Nationalist Government headed by former KMT premier Wang Jingwei.However,the atrocities committed by the Japanese army,as well as Japanese refusal to yield any real power made them very unpopular and ineffective.The only success the Japanese had was the ability to recruit a large Collaborationist Chinese Army to maintain public security in the occupied areas.
By 1941 Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam,but guerrilla fighting continued in these conquered areas.Japan had suffered tremendous casualties from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance,and neither side could make any swift progress in a manner resembling the fall of France and Western Europe to Nazi Germany.
Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931,full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945.The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast raw material reserves and other resources.At the same time,the rising tide of Chinese nationalism and notions of self determination stoked the coals of war.Before 1937,China and Japan fought in small,localized engagements in so-called "incidents".Yet the two sides,for a variety of reasons,refrained from fighting a total war.The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Imperial Japan's Kwangtung Army is known as the "Mukden Incident".The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937,marking the beginning of full scale war between the two countries.[5]
Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on July 7,1937 at the Marco Polo Bridge Incident,when a crucial access point to Beiping (Beijing) was assaulted by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).Because the Chinese defenders were the poorly equipped infantry divisions of the former Northwest Army,the Japanese easily captured Beiping and Tianjin.
The Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo were initially reluctant to escalate the conflict into full scale war,being content with the victories achieved in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.However,the KMT central government determined that the "breaking point" of Japanese aggression had been breached and Chiang Kai-shek quickly mobilized the central government army and airforce under his direct command to attack the Japanese Marines in Shanghai on August 13,1937,which led to the Battle of Shanghai.The IJA had to mobilize over 200,000 troops,coupled with numerous naval vessels and aircraft to capture Shanghai after more than three months of intense fighting,with casualties far exceeding initial expectations.[7]
Building on the hard won victory in Shanghai,by the end of 1937 the IJA captured the KMT capital city of Nanjing and Southern Shanxi in campaigns involving approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers,and considerably more Chinese soldiers.Historians estimate up to 300,000 Chinese were mass murdered(by beheading or buried alive) in the Nanjing Massacre,after the fall of Nanjing on December 13,1937,while some Japanese deny the existence of a massacre.
At the start of 1938,the Headquarters in Tokyo still hoped to limit the scope of the conflict at occupying areas around Shanghai,Nanjing and most of northern China,in order to preserve strength for an anticipated showdown with the Soviet Union.But by now the Headquarters had effectively lost command over Japanese generals fighting in China.With many victories achieved,these generals escalated the war and finally met with defeat in Taierzhuang.Afterwards the IJA had to change its strategy and deployed almost all of its armies to attack the city of Wuhan,which by now was the political,economic and military center of China,hoping to destroy the fighting strength of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and force the KMT government to negotiate for peace.[8] But after the IJA captured the city of Wuhan on October 27,1938,the KMT retreated to Chongqing to set up a provisional capital and Chiang still refused to negotiate unless the Japanese agree to a complete withdrawal to pre-1937 levels.
With Japanese casualties and costs mounting,the deeply frustrated Imperial General Headquarters decided to retaliate by ordering the Imperial air force of the Navy and the Army to launch the world's first massive air bombing raids of civilian targets on the provisional capital of Chongqing and nearly every major city in unoccupied China,leaving millions dead,injured and homeless.
From the beginning of 1939 the war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of IJA at Changsha and Guangxi.These favorable outcomes encouraged the NRA to launch its first large-scale counter-offensive against IJA in early 1940.However,due to very low military-industrial capacities and limited experience in modern warfare,the NRA was defeated in this offensive operation.Afterwards Chiang could not risk any more all-out offensive campaigns given the poorly-trained,under-equipped,and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large.He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped army defending Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals,who maintained a high degree of independence from the central KMT government.
From 1940 on the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories,and tried to solve its occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favorable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered,the most prominent being the Nanjing Nationalist Government headed by former KMT premier Wang Jingwei.However,the atrocities committed by the Japanese army,as well as Japanese refusal to yield any real power made them very unpopular and ineffective.The only success the Japanese had was the ability to recruit a large Collaborationist Chinese Army to maintain public security in the occupied areas.
By 1941 Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam,but guerrilla fighting continued in these conquered areas.Japan had suffered tremendous casualties from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance,and neither side could make any swift progress in a manner resembling the fall of France and Western Europe to Nazi Germany.