英语翻译Renaissance-rebirth-is the name tradionally bestowed upo

英语翻译
Renaissance-rebirth-is the name tradionally bestowed upon the remarkable outpouring of intellectual and artistic energy and talent that accompanied the passage of Europe from the Middle Ages to the modern epoch.Yet “Renaissance” to a large extent was the creation of nineteenth –century scholars who ,looking back on the intense flowering of culture ,sought a name by which to designate it .The term is also often extended to politics and economics.
However applied,the Renaissance raises basic problems for the historian .Some difficulty even arises in deciding when and where the Renaissance began,how far it spread ,and for how long it continued ;that is,questions of chronology are not fully settled.Most scholars accept that the Renaissance startes in Italy around 1300 and continued for three centuries,during which the economic ,intellectual ,and cultural currents flowing from its homeland eventually reached France,the Low Countries,Germany,England ,and also,though with diminished force ,Spain and Portugal.By 1600,with Europe increasingly preoccupied by the great ProtestantCatholic antagonism issuing from the Reformation ,it had virtually ended,giving way to a less integrated culture called baroque and a new approach to classical art.
Few scholars would date the start of the Renaissance later than 1350 .Many argue for two “Renaissances”:one a period of revival based on the old learning and spread through traditional methods;the other a period od innovation in which much new knowledge was generated that would become the foundation of modern thought ,and spread by a new medium ,print—which meant that a far wider community could share in and debate the changes .Still other scholars find three distinct periods to the Renaissance,coinciding roughly with the “three ages of mankind”:youth,maturity,and decline.There was a Renaissance of the twelfth century as well as the greater flowering of the fifteenth century,however the term might be used.
Indeed,debate over what the Renaissance was and when it began is a good example of the entire problem of”periodization”:how the present generation looking back,relates earlier periods to the present through labels,through the notion that there are watersheds between periods,and through the belief that certain events or inventions clearly distinguish one period from another .The commen error of equating phases in the development of a culture to stages in human life —the use of biological metaphors about birth ,growth,maturity,and death—obscures the way in which most historical development is a tightly woven fabric,each thread carrying equal tension in relation to another,however distinct.

文艺复兴时期-重生-名称是tradionally赋予了显着源源不断的知识和艺术的能源和人才的陪同下获得通过,欧洲从中世纪到现代的时代.但“文艺复兴”相当大的程度上是建立了十九世纪的学者谁,回头看就激烈的开花的文化,寻求一个名称,其中指定它.一词往往也是扩展至政治和经济.
不过应用,文艺复兴时期提出的基本问题为历史学家.一些困难,甚至出现在决定何时及何地文艺复兴时期开始,有多远,它的蔓延,以及如何长期继续,这就是问题的时序没有得到充分的settled.most学者接受文艺复兴startes在意大利大约1300 ,并继续为三个世纪,其间的经济,智力和文化电流流动,从国土,最终达成了法国,低的国家,德国,英国,同时,虽然减少了部队,西班牙和葡萄牙.由1600年,欧洲越来越专注于伟大protestantcatholic对立签发从改革,它几乎已经结束,让位给较综合性的文化所谓的巴洛克和新方法,以古典艺术.
少数学者将之日起开始文艺复兴不迟于1350年,许多争论了两个“ renaissances ” ：一期,复苏的基础上,旧的学习和传播的传统方法;其他一个时期的OD创新,其中许多新的知识产生这将成为基础的现代思想,传播一种新的媒介,打印,这意味着一个更广泛的社会可以分享在和辩论的变化.还有其他学者找到三个不同的时期到文艺复兴时期,正好大致与“三年龄人类“ ：青年,成熟度,和下降.有一个复兴的12世纪,以及为更大的开花的15世纪,但长远有可能被利用.
事实上,辩论什么是文艺复兴时,它开始就是一个很好的例子,整个的问题,“分期” ：如何现在这一代回头看,涉及较早期间到现在,通过标签,通过概念,即有集水区之间的时期,并通过相信,某些事件或发明,明确区分一期,从另一个.常见的错误等同于阶段,在文化的发展阶段,以在人类生活-使用生物隐喻约出生,成长,成熟,死亡-掩盖的方式,其中大部分的历史发展是一个紧密织物,每个线程进行平等的紧张关系到另一个,不过明显.