有没有英文发表的热力学第二定律和流体是什么的文章要带翻译（急用谢谢!）

有没有英文发表的热力学第二定律和流体是什么的文章要带翻译（急用谢谢!）

流体就是在承受剪应力时将会发生连续变形的物体.气体和液体都是流体.流体没有一定形状,几乎可以任意改变形态,或者分裂.具有黏性的流体在发生变形时将产生阻力,而没有黏性的流体则不会有任何阻力,度量流体黏性的物理量称为流体的黏度.没有黏性的流体又称为超流体.
而流体的流动形式也有区分.倘流速很慢,流体会分层流动,互不混合,此乃层流.倘流速增加,越来越快,流体开始出波动性摆动,此情况称之为过渡流.当流速继续增加,达到流线不能清楚分辨,会出现很多漩涡,这便是湍流,又称作乱流、扰流或紊流.
In physics,a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress,no matter how small.Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids,gases,plasmas and,to some extent,plastic solids.
In common usage,"fluid" is often used as a synonym for "liquid",with no implication that gas could also be present.For example,"brake fluid" is hydraulic oil and will not perform its required function if there is gas in it.This colloquial usage of the term is also common in medicine and in nutrition ("take plenty of fluids").
Liquids form a free surface (that is,a surface not created by the container) while gases do not.The distinction between solids and fluid is not entirely obvious.The distinction is made by evaluating the viscosity of the substance.Silly Putty can be considered to behave like a solid or a fluid,depending on the time period over which it is observed.It is best described as a viscoelastic fluid.There are many examples of substances proving difficult to classify.A particularly interesting one is pitch,as demonstrated in the pitch drop experiment currently running at the University of Queensland.
热力学第二定律是热力学定律之一,是指热永远都只能由热处转到冷处.
（1824年法国工程师萨迪•卡诺提出了卡诺定理,德国人克劳修斯（Rudolph Clausius）和英国人开尔文（Lord Kelvin）在热力学第一定律建立以后重新审查了卡诺定理,意识到卡诺定理必须依据一个新的定理,即热力学第二定律.他们分别于1850年和1851年提出了克劳修斯表述和开尔文表述.这两种表述在理念上是相通的.）
不可能把热量从低温物体传到高温物体而不引起其他变化.简言之即是热不能自发的从冷处转到热处,任何高温的物体在不受热的情况下,都会逐渐冷却.
任何热力循环发动机不可能将热量全部用于做机械功.
开尔文表述还可以表述成：第二类永动机不可能实现.永动机是不需外界输入源能量便能够不断运动的机械.因为热的本质乃粒子运动时所产生的能量.换言之,没有外界输入能源、能量,粒子最终都会慢慢的停顿下来,继而不再产生热能.热力学第二定律是一个长期的经验总结,并没有完善的理论依据
The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the tendency that over time,differences in temperature,pressure,and chemical potential equilibrate in an isolated physical system.From the state of thermodynamic equilibrium,the law deduced the principle of the increase of entropy and explains the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.The second law declares the impossibility of machines that generate usable energy from the abundant internal energy of nature by processes called perpetual motion of the second kind.
The second law may be expressed in many specific ways,but the first formulation is credited to the German scientist Rudolf Clausius.The law is usually stated in physical terms of impossible processes.In classical thermodynamics,the second law is a basic postulate applicable to any system involving measurable heat transfer,while in statistical thermodynamics,the second law is a consequence of unitarity in quantum theory.In classical thermodynamics,the second law defines the concept of thermodynamic entropy,while in statistical mechanics entropy is defined from information theory,known as the Shannon entropy.