across,over,between,off,along,in,on.into,out of,under有什么区别?要

across,over,between,off,along,in,on.into,out of,under有什么区别?要有具体的区别,不要只解释.简单明了一点.（最好能有例子）千万不要有什么错误.

小品词词类判断
什么叫小品词?
小品词就是副、介同形的单词,由于在句中的作用不同,词性也就不同.在没有搞清是介词,还是副词的时候,就称之为“小品词”.
【理解要领】
※介词、副词形一样,句中作用不相同,介词后面要宾语,副词后面宾不用.
※介词要和动一起,副词可与动分开；及物动词加副词；不及物动词加介词,加了介词相当于及物动词.
1. 常用介、副同形的单词有：
in
on
up
down
off
out
over
along
by
through
across
round
across
round
near
before
behind
past
since
under
最难区别的几个小品词：
in
on
up
out
off
down
over
through
along
by

2. 介词、副词的区别方法：
【判别方法】
　He got off the bus /at the corner．（按照意群来划分,bus是off的宾语,所以这里的off是介词）
　　他在拐角处下了公共汽车.
　He get off /at the corner．（按照意群来划分,off后面没有词,所以这里的off是副词）
　　他在拐角处下车.
I found him in. (in后没有名词,它就是副词.)
我发现他在里面.
I found him /in the room. （按照意群来划分,in是和the room联系在一起构成介词短语的,所以它是介词.）
我发现他在室内.

3. 副词的不同使用方法
【副词使用方法】
这种副词两边分,有的跟动词联系紧；有的句末单独行.
可跟动词一起构成短语动词的副词
in
on
up
down
off
out
over
along
by
through
across
round



只能放在句末使用的副词
before
behind
past
since
under
near




更多例句：
They were here/ before six．（介词）
　　他们6点之前在这里.
He has done this sort of work before．（副词）
　　他以前干过这种工作.
Push the car /across the bridge. (介词)
请把车推过桥.
Put your hands across and tie them together. （副词）
请把双手交叉,并将它们捆起来.
Peter is /behind us．（介词）
　　彼得在我们的后面.
He′s a long way behind．（副词）
　　他远远地落在后面.
The train passed/ through the tunnel. （介词）
列车穿过了隧道.
Let me pass through, please. (副词)
请让我通过.
She climbed/ over the wall．（介词）
　　她爬过墙头.
You′ll have to climb over too．（副词）
　　你也得爬过去.
When the meeting was over, the delegates went home．（副词）
　　会议结束后代表们各自回家了.（这里over=finished结束）
The shop is just/ round the corner．（介词）
　　商店拐过街口就是.
Come round（to my house）any evening．（副词）
The earth moves /around the sun. （介词）
地球绕着太阳转.
The good news soon got around. （副词）
He is sitting /on a chair. （介词）
Go on! Come on! (副词)
Turn the lights on. （副词）
　　晚上有空来我家串门.
He ran /up the stairs．（介词）
　　他跑上楼梯.
He went up/ in the lift．（副词）
　　他乘电梯上去了.
　　这些词中许多可以用来构成短语动词
The plane took off．
　　飞机起飞了.（离开了地面）
She put the scarf/ round her neck. （介词）
He came round．（副词）
　　他恢复知觉了.（恢复了意识）

4. 固定短语的分类
固定短语可以分为以下几类：
1）动词类： 动词加其它词构成的短语就叫做动词固定短语
1.1）不及物动词＋副词＝不及物动词
不及物动词＋副词
词义
例句
break out
happen爆发
The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.抗日战争爆发于1937年.
come over/drop in
visit 来访
Come over anytime; we’re always in.什么时候来访都行,我们总在家里.
hurry up
go quickly赶紧
We must hurry up, or we’ll be late.我们的赶快走,不然就要迟到了.
go far
spread far走得远,持续久
The news went far. 这消息传得很远.
This small tin of paint does not go far.这一小罐油漆用不了多久.
pull in
stop aside停靠
The train pulled in two hours late.火车晚两小时到站.
stop over
stay for short中途停留
Because the car broke down, we had to stop over for the night in the nearest town.由于汽车拔锚,我们只得在最近得小城镇里留宿.
take off
fly up起飞
The pilot took off smoothly.飞行员平稳地驾机起飞了.
get up
arise 起立,起床
He gets up at 6:00 in the morning every day. 他每天早上6:00起床.


1.2）不及物动词＋介词＝及物动词
词例
词义
例句
注解
listen to
听
He is listening to a radio now.他在听收音机.
listen不能直接接听的对象,加to就可以了
look for
寻找
She is looking for her pencil now.她在寻找她的铅笔.
look是看的意思,加了for就是新的词义“寻找”
look after
照看
My mother looks after my baby.我母亲照看孩子
look 后面的介词不同,词义就不同,但与look有关,
hear from
收到来信（等）
Mother hasn’t hear from you for quite some time.母亲好久没有接到你的来信了.
hear from 成了固定的词义,表示受到来信,信函等
hear of
听到,得知
I’ve never heard of the place.我从未听说过那个地方.
hear of是听别人谈到过的意思
read of
读到
I have read of Lu Xun. 我读过关于鲁迅的书籍.
read of不是直接读鲁迅,而是读到过关于鲁迅的资料或书籍
laugh at
嘲笑
They laughed at the young man.他们嘲笑过那位年轻人.
laugh at 可以带宾语,而且表示嘲笑,嘲弄的意思
run after
追赶,追求
Some boy spend a lot of time and money running after girls.一些男孩子花去很多的时间和金钱去追求女孩子.
run后加after,主要是追赶某人或某种时尚：run当及物动词用,通常是管理或经营的含义
stand for
代表,象征
What does “PTO” stand for? “PTO”代表什么?
stand for 一起使用,就相当于一个新词,表示：代表,象征的含义

1.3）不及物动词＋副词＋介词(三个词在一起构成当作一个词来使用)
动＋副＋介
相当于
例句
cut down on
reduce削减
We must all cut down on spending. 我们必须削减消费.
do away with
abolish取消
They have done away with the old laws.他们已经取消了这些就法律.
get out of
leave离开
He got out of the car and shook hands with me.他下车和我握手了.
get through with
finish完成
She finally got through with the subject.她终于完成了这个题目.
go along with
agree同意
I can’t go along with you in this matter. 在这件事上我不能同意你.
look forward to
expect期待
He is looking forward to seeing his new friend.他期盼着见到他的新朋友.
put up with
tolerate容忍
He puts up with almost anything. 他几乎容忍一切.
walk out on
abandon放弃
He walked out on the subject. 他放弃了这个计划.

1.4）及物动词+副词
及物动词+副词
相当于
例句
bring up

educate 教育,培养
They have brought their children up well.他们把孩子教育得很好.
call up
summon征召,打电话
He was called up in 1971.他在1971年被征召入伍.
Call me up tomorrow morning. 明早给我打电话.
find out
discover发现,理解
Think over. You must find it out for yourself. 想想吧,你必须自己理解它.
put off
postpone延期
The meeting has been put off.会议延期了.
make out
understand理解
It’s not easy to make out his ideas.弄懂他的种种想法不是容易的.
take in
deceive欺骗
You can’t take me in like that.你不能那样欺骗我.
turn up
appear出现
She really turned on the charm on the stage.她在台上表现得真迷人.
back up
support支持
They supported the school a lot.他们给学校支持很大.
give up
quit放弃
He has given up smoking.他已戒烟.
make down
change sth. smaller
The clothes are made down for her sisters.
宾语在句中的位置



1.5）及物动词＋名词＋介词（带介词宾语）
词例
词义
例句
catch（lay, get, take, seize） hold of
抓住,占有
The boy took hold of the ladder and began to climb.
那孩子抓住梯子开始往上爬.
I’ll explain, and you will soon get hold of the idea.
我要解释一下,你很快就会懂得这个意思的.
do a favor to/do sb. a favor
给别人帮忙,给别人恩惠
Will you do me a favor to lend that book to me?
你能不能帮个忙把那本书借给我?
Can you do a favor to me? 劳驾,可以帮我一下吗?
have confidence in
信人
I have perfect confidence in them. 我完全信任他们.
have an edge on
占优势,胜过
I can’t beat you at tennis, but I have an edge on you in ping-pong.打网球我无法赢你,但是打乒乓球我比你强.
lay emphasis on
强调,着重
Some schools lay special emphasis on language study.
有些学校特别重视语言的学习.
make a fool of
愚弄,欺骗
Enough!,Don’t make a fool of me!够了!不要捉弄我了.
make use of
利用,使用
You must make good use of any opportunities you have of practicing English. 你必须利用好你所有的练习英语的机会.
pay attention to
注意
Pay attention to it. 请注意
take part in
参加,参与
I have a meeting to take part in this afternoon. 今天下午我要参加一个会议.会议
take account of
考虑,重视
Have you taken account of possible shift in demand? 需求有可能变化,你考虑到了吗?
5. 学习和考试注意事项
【重点学习内容】
主要学会：
1. 不及物动词后加适当介词可以构成相当于及物动词的动词短语：
Wait for sb.就是典型的例子：
常有人说 I will wait you here. 还不知道错了.应该说成 I will wait for you here.因为wait 是不及物动词,不能带宾语.
类似的还有：
look at look for look after , listen to 等等,并且注意类似于： read of 和hear of 这样的短语的区别.
2. 介词后面的名词,或者相当于名词的词就是介词宾语,既然是宾语就要用宾格,特别要注意的代词宾格.
He is looking at me.
She is looking after her sister.
We waited for him for a long time.
I heard of him before.
3. 同一动词后加不同介词/副词就会有不同的含义,要当作一个新词来记:
look at
look about
look ahead
look around
look as if
look away
look back
look down upon
look for
look forward to
look in
look down
look into
look like
look on /look upon
look up to
look on with
look out
look out ofr
look over
look round
look through
look to
look to be


4. 及物动词带有副词后接宾语与不及物动词后接介词再加宾语是不同的.
1） 不及物动词后接宾语时,动词和介词是不可分开的,两者成为一个整体.
2） 及物动词后接副词,该副词可以和动词分开,特别是宾语为代词宾格的时候,这个代词就要放在动词和副词之间.
He is always looking for his shoes. (不能分开)
He always forgets to turn the lights off. He always forgets to turn off the lights.
He always forgets to turn them off. （这个句子中的them指的是等,不能放在off的后面,因为它是代词宾格）