英语翻译NanotechnologyNanotechnology is a multidisciplinary fiel

英语翻译
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that combines science and technology to control and create matter on the molecular level.
Technically,materials and devices measured in nanometers of 100 nm and under are nanotechnology whether they are created using bottom-up or top-down method of creation.
Bottom-up builds materials and devices from their molecular components using chemical self-assembly through the principle of molecular recognition.
Molecular recognition is either static or dynamic.
Static molecular recognition is a singular reaction between a "host" molecule and a "guest" molecule that forms a joined complex.
The first binding between an initial "guest" and a site on the "host" is continued automatically with subsequently introduced "guests" onto subsequent binding sites on the host.
Dynamic molecular recognition can be positively allosteric or negatively allosteric,which either sets an increasing association with the subsequent binding of each guest in the case of the positive and a decreasing association with the binding of each subsequent guest.
Top-down nanodevices are created by reducing the size of larger
than nanoscale devices using sophisticated analytical tools
including electron beam lithography,atomic force microcopy,
scanning tunneling microscopy,and molecular beam epitaxy.
Nanotechnology has virtually infinite future applications
including new nanodevices in application in electronics and
medicine.Currently,few nanotechnology centric applications and
products are truly commercial but the early commercial products
include a variety of coatings,fabrics,gels,and lotions.
A few applications that have been successfully trialed include
nanoscale solar cells.Through governmentally sponsored funding,
University of California scientists have used semiconductor
nanorods with polymers for extremely efficient solar cells.
Light absorption and photocurrent generation is nanoscale in
nature,making solar cells of superior performance over
conventional materials and fabrication techniques.
Nanofabrication is also successfully used for many different
medical and therapeutic applications such as biometric sensors.
Although fully nanotechnology based devices have not expanded
into their commercial potential,multiple industries have
benefited tremendously from components or base materials created
using nanotechnology.Nanowires are used in semiconductor
fabrication for electron beam lithography,atomic layer
deposition,and molecular vapor deposition.
Despite the almost unlimited potential for nanotechnology to
transform many different industries,material science experts are
increasingly becoming vocal about the narrow approach that is
permeating all technologies in nanoscale.Although nanotubes,
nanowires,and nanoparticles are widely being integrated into a
multitude of commercially viable industries,the truly
transformative fundamental nanotechnology concepts are failing to
leave the lab.

纳米技术
纳米技术是一项多学科领域的科学和技术相结合的控制和创造的分子水平的问题.
技术上,材料和纳米测量100纳米器件和纳米技术是根据他们是否是使用自下而上或自上而下的创作方法.
自下而上的构建及其分子材料和设备使用的组件通过分子识别原理的化学自组装.
分子识别是静态或动态的.
分子识别是静态之间的“主机”分子和“客人”分子,形成一个复杂的加入奇异反应.
之间最初的“客人”和关于“主机”的网站是第一个具有约束力的继续自动随后推出的“客人到后来的结合位点”在主机上.
动态可积极分子识别或负变构变构,这不是一个套在每个客人的阳性病例再装订,并与随后的每一个客人的约束力日益下降协会协会.
自上而下创建纳米器件,减少了尺寸较大的
纳米器件比使用先进的分析工具
包括电子束光刻,原子力缩微,
扫描隧道显微镜,分子束外延.
纳米技术已经几乎无限的应用前景
包括在新的纳米器件和电子应用
药.目前,纳米技术和核心应用的几个
产品是真正的商业,但早期的商业产品
包括各种涂料,织物,凝胶和乳液.
一个已经成功地试验了一些应用包括
纳米太阳能电池.通过governmentally赞助的资金,
加利福尼亚大学的科学家利用半导体
纳米棒与聚合物太阳能电池的效率非常高.
光吸收和光一代是在纳米尺度
性质,使太阳能电池的性能优越的多
传统的材料和制造技术.
纳米加工,也成功地用于许多不同的
如生物传感器的医疗和治疗应用.
虽然纳米技术的设备已完全没有扩大
到他们的商业潜力,多行业
获益良多,部件或材料的制造基地
使用纳米技术.纳米线用于半导体
制造电子束光刻,原子层
沉积和分子气相沉积.
问题补充：尽管对纳米技术几乎无限的潜力
变换多种不同的行业,材料科学专家
越来越担心的狭隘做法,是声乐
贯穿在所有纳米技术.虽然纳米管,
纳米线,纳米粒子和被广泛地集成到一
众多的商业,真正可行的行业
转变观念是根本没有纳米技术