英语翻译明天晚上要用!超急!人工!1.Planning is concerned with how objectives

英语翻译
明天晚上要用!超急!人工!
1.Planning is concerned with how objectives are to be accomplished,not what is to be accomplished.
2.If a manager refuses to write anything down or share his plans with others in the organization,he is not truly planning.
WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?
3.Planning provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike.
4.Even without planning,departments and individuals always work together,allowing organizations to move efficiently toward its goals.
5.Research indicates that nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations.
HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?
6.Goals are the foundation of organizational planning.
7.Most businesses have only one objective:to make a profit.
8.Most companies’ goals can be classified as either strategic or financial.
9.Strategic goals are related to the financial performance of the organization.
10.An organization’s real goals are often quite irrelevant to what actually goes on.
11.Operational plans specify the details of how the achievement of the overall objectives is to be obtained.
12.Long term used to mean anything over three years,but now it means anything over one year.
(False; easy; p.189)
13.Short-term plans are those covering one year or less.
14.Directional plans have clearly defined objectives.
ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS
15.An integrated network of goals is sometimes called a means-end chain.
16.In MBO,or management by objectives,goals are often less well-defined,giving managers and employees more flexibility to respond to changing conditions.
17.In a typical MBO program,successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performance-based rewards.
18.An MBO program consists of four elements:loose goals,participative decision making,an explicit time period,and performance feedback.
19.Studies of actual MBO programs find mixed results in terms of its effects on overall employee performance and organizational productivity.
20.In times of dynamic environmental change,well-defined and precisely developed action plans enhance organizational performance.
21.A well-designed goal should be measurable and quantifiable.
22.Goals that are too easy to accomplish are not motivating and neither are goals that are not attainable even with exceptional effort.
23.The second step in goal setting is to determine the goals individually or with input from others.
24.The more the current plans affect future commitments,the longer the time frame for which managers should plan.
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING
25.Planning is a waste of time in a volatile environment.
26.A major argument against formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity.
27.It’s not enough for managers just to plan.They have to start setting goals.
28.In today’s dynamic business environment,successful firms recognize that planning is an ongoing process,not a tablet of rules cast in stone.
29.Managers must be able to follow through with plans even if conditions change.
30.Effective planning in dynamic environments means flattening the organizational hierarchy.
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
For each of the following,choose the answer that most completely answers the question.

1.计划注重于怎样完成目标,而不是目标是什么.
2.如果一个经理（主管人）不把他的想法写出来或与组织里的其他分享,那么他并没有真正意义上的在做计划.
为什么经理（主管人）需要做计划?
3.计划能同样给经理（主管人）和非主管人提供方向（指引）.
4.即便没有做计划,部门或个人之间也能很好的配合,并有效的完成目标.
5.一些研究者表明,一些没做计划的组织甚至能比做计划的组织超额完成任务（或更好的完成任务.）
经理（管理人）怎样做计划?
6.目标是一个组织做计划的根本.
嘿嘿.六六顺,楼主多给点分呗,我把其他的翻了.
再问： 你翻译完我多给你十分……主要我分也不是太多了……见谅了、好人 这个真是急、辛苦辛苦了 好人做到底 送佛送到西了、、
再答： 唉~~~~~~~~~~ 7.大多数的企业只有一个目标：盈利 8.而许多公司的目标则可以分为战略性的和经济上的。 9.战略目标往往和组织的经济表现联系在一起。 10.但一个组织的目标却往往跟它现在的活动没什么联系。 11.具体操作的目标会把如何完成总目标的细节具体化。 12.长期，一般指三年以上，但现在一般都指一年以上。 13.短期就指一年或一年以内。 14.方向性的计划一般会清楚的定义目标。 建立目标与发展计划。 15.一个完整的目标网络有时又被称为目的链 妈妈咪呀！有30条！给50不？
再问： 你在上午翻译完我就给！
再答： 16.目标管理，也可以称为用目标里指导管理，往往对目标没有很完善的定义，这使得经理和员工能对变化的情况作出灵活的反应。 17.在典型的目标管理项目中，工作表现奖励能加强（促使员工）成功的达成目标。 18.目标管理包含四个要素：自由的（灵活易变通）的目标，参与性决策，明确的完成目标期限和工作表现的反馈。 19.通过学习实践的目标管理，会得到各方面的结果，特别是它在员工表现和组织的生产力方面的影响。 20.在环境变化活跃的期间，明确定义的发展行动计划能加强（更好的促进）组织的表现（工作能力，性能）。 21.一个全面计划性的目标应该是可以计量的。 22.太容易达成的目标没有激励性，同时，太难达到的目标也一样。 23.制定目标的第二步是单独或与其他方面的（信息）输入（联系）来决定目标。 24.现有计划对未来的执行影响越大，经理（管理人）制定计划的实践周期就应该越长。 制定中的一些现况 25.在变化无常的环境下制定计划是一件浪费实践的事儿。 26.有争论是否直觉和创造力不能应被所谓正是计划给代替。 27.对于经理（管理者）来说仅仅制定计划是不够的，他们应当也开始制定目标。 28.在现今活跃的商业环境下，成功的公司能认识到，计划是不断（更新）持续的进程，而不是一层不表的规则 29.经理（管理者）必须能即使情况有所变化，也要遵循制定（好）的计划 30.在活跃环境中的有效计划，就是能击败组织性的等级制度。 选择题 选择最完善的答案。 好啦！要给分的啊！食言的人一辈子倒霉的！！！！！！！嘿嘿~